A Cultural History of Postwar Japan Read online

  of communists 8, 136;

  war leaders 7, 8, 9

  pyramidal school system 6

  radio:

  manzai and 55

  Rainbow, The 71

  rakugo (story telling) 53, 55

  ‘Red Dragonfly, The’ (Yamada) 96, 97

  Redfield, Robert 13, 137

  reforms 7–8:

  see also education

  Regional Struggle 109

  Reischauer, Edwin O. 164

  religion 126–7, 129, 131, 132, 164

  responsibility for war 16, 26–7, 136–7

  Resurrection (Tolstoy) 94, 150

  revolutionary movements 114–15

  Robertson, R.W.W. 163

  Rogers, Lester B. 163

  Röling, Bernard 142

  Roosevelt, President 1, 2, 3

  Rose of Versailles, The (Ikeda) 43

  Rousseau, J.J. 126

  Rowell, Milo E. 3

  ruling elite 6, 49

  Ryjin Hish 89

  Saig 71

  Sait Raitar 151

  ‘Saiz’ 50

  Sakamoto Ryma 71, 74

  Sakomizu 9

  Sakuramoto Tomio 136, 137

  Sakuta Keiichi 18–19, 138

  Sams, General 10

  samurai 129

  San Francisco Examiner 28

  Sanpei the Kappa (Mizuki) 38, 39

  Sanrizuka farmers 49, 108, 120

  Sanytei Ench 77

  Sasaki Gen 143

  Sat Ryoichi 137

  Satomi Ton 150

  Satoshi Kamata 163

  Satow, Sir Earnest 48, 145

  Saturday 104, 105, 151

  ‘Saturday’ group 104

  Sawachi Hisae 150

  ‘Sazaesan’ (Hasegawa) 11, 113–14, 153–4

  Schodt, Frederik L. 145

  schools see education

  science cult:

  Mizuki questioning of 39;

  Tsuge opposition to 41

  Scottish folk songs 79, 99–100

  Scroll of Frolicking Animals (Toba) 30–1

  Sea of Fertility (Mishima) 129

  Sei, T.K. 150

  Seki Yoshihiko 124, 163

  self-defence corps 8

  self-sufficiency 117–19, 155–7

  ‘Sergeant Pepper’ 84, 87

  servant see manzai, ‘Saiz’’

  ‘Seven Heads’ (Tsuboi) 20, 138–9

  Shiba Rykai 71, 74

  Shiba Rytar 71, 149

  Shidehara 9

  Shigemitsu, Foreign Minister 6

  Shikitei Sanba 47

  Shimamura Hogetsu 94

  Shimoda Takez 13

  Shimura Takashi 95

  Shimagawa Yajir 81

  Shinobu Seizabur 153

  Shinto 131, 132, 164

  Shiojiri Kimiaki 137

  Shirakawa Yoshikazu 148

  Shirato Sanpei 34–6, 45

  Shiroyama Sabur 22, 142

  sh (instrument) 83

  Shchan and the Squirrel 29–30, 32

  Shhin Kaguku Kenkyjo 161

  Shwa period 55

  Simonson, Carl S. 163

  singers 69

  ‘Sky of my Home Village, The’ 100

  Slavina, Countess Ludovskaya 67

  Slavina, Kitty 67

  Society for the Study of Contemporary Customs 117, 158

  Sodei Rinjir 154, 155

  Shy 44

  Skagakkai 131

  solidarity 122–3

  Sma Gyof 94

  song contest 64, 66, 69:1953 65 ; 1982 66

  ‘Song of the Seaside’ (Narita) 95, 96

  Song of Trees and Wind, The (Takemiya) 43

  songs see music, popular song, singers, song contest

  Sonobe Sabur 80, 150

  special privilege (tokken) 152

  speech suppression 137

  ‘Spring Number One’ 84, 88 , 98

  Stanislavsky (Konstantine Sergeyevich Alexeyev) 82

  star festival 129

  Stekel 82

  Story of Modern Nations, The 125–6

  story telling (rakugo) 53, 55

  Strong, Kenneth 106, 152

  ‘Structure of the Sportsman’s Experience, The’ (Nakai) 105

  Sugamo Isho Hensankai 138

  Sullivan, Sir Arthur 81

  summer dance festivals 51

  sum wrestlers 83, 85

  Sunagawa farmers 108

  ‘Sunset Aglow, The’ (Shiroyama) 22

  Sunsh Scroll 51

  Suntory 74–6

  surrender, terms of 5–6, 134–6

  Sutherland, General 5

  Suzuki Bunshiro 28, 29–30

  Suzuki Masashi 135

  Swinnerton, James 28

  Tachibana Takashi 150

  Tachikawa base 49

  Tada Michitar 145

  Taih (wrestler) 83

  Taish, Emperor 29

  Taish era 54–5:

  food in 117;

  movies in 67

  Takabatake Michitoshi 159

  Takamiyama (wrestler) 83, 85

  Takamori 71

  Takano Chei 71

  Takano Yichi 134, 135

  Takarazuka culture 43

  Takarazuka Girls’ Opera 43

  Takasaki Ryji 136, 137

  Takasugi Shinsaku 71

  Takatori Masao 121

  Takechan Man’ 147

  Takeda Taijun 23, 142

  Takemae Eiji 155

  Takemiya Keiko 43

  Taketani Mitsuo 107, 114, 152, 154

  Takizawa Bakin 130, 163

  Tale of Genji, The (Murasaki) 108, 125–6

  Tamaki Akira 106, 152

  Tames, Richard 129, 131, 163

  Tamura Norio 152

  Tanabe Wakao 150, 151

  Tanaka cabinet 78

  Tanaka Shz 106–7, 152

  tanka (poem) 125

  Taoka Ryichi 134, 135

  tarento (talent) 147

  Tarumoto Shigerharu, Captain 17

  ‘Tay’ 50

  television 62–6, 68–74, 147:

  morning dramas 70, 149;

  not used against government 62;

  number of sets 63 , 64;

  see also Great River Dramas, song contest

  Terakado Seiken 46

  testaments see final testaments

  textbook authorization 22–3, 141–2

  ‘This is true’ (radio series) 9

  thought police:

  abolition 7

  Toba, Abbot 31

  Toba-e drawing 31

  Toda Jsei 131

  Togura Shu’ichi 84

  Tj, General 24–5

  Tj Hideki 138

  Tj cabinet 9

  tokken (special privilege) 152

  ‘Tokoton yare-bushi’ (Miyasan Miyasan) 80–1, 92

  Tokugawa Ieyasu 46, 163

  Tokugawa period 48, 49, 74

  Tokyo 129:

  see also Edo

  Tokyo (Mitsuaki and Cheung) 129

  Tokyo University, Law Department 6, 49

  Tokyo War Crimes Trial 13–15, 19, 142:

  absence of Emperor 16;

  defence of law and peace 15;

  distrust of verdicts in 1980s 23;

  Pal’s dissent in 20–1, 139;

  retroactive law 14–15;

  Tj in 24–5;

  see also War Tribunals

  Tolstoy, Count Leo 94, 150

  Tominaga Ken’ichi 32, 45, 144, 155, 159

  Tomura Issaku 153

  Torio Tsuruyo, Viscountess 3

  Town where Snow is Falling, A’ (Nakata) 97, 98

  Toyotomi Hideyoshi 163

  tradition, village 106–7, 108

  Truman, President 20

  ‘truth’ during occupation 9–10, 137

  Tsuboi Shigeharu 20, 138–9

  Tsuganezawa Satohiro 147

  Tsuge Yoshiharu 39–41

  Tsukuda Jitsuo 155, 164

  Tsumura Takashi 44, 145

  Tsurumi Kazuko 18, 138
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br />   Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich 93

  Uchimura Sukeyuki 137

  Uekuso Jin’ichi 163

  Ueyama Shunpei 141

  Ui Jun 152

  Ukiyo Buro (Shikitei) 47

  Ukiyo Doko (Shikitei) 47

  unconditional surrender 5–6, 134–6

  Urada Minoru 137

  urbanization 120–1:

  high-rise estates 121

  Utsumi Aiko 138

  vaudeville acts 46–61:

  in early Meiji period 54 ;

  late Edo period 53 ;

  see also kabuki, manzai, rakugo

  Vietnam War 21

  village tradition 106–7, 108

  Wada Haruki 150

  Wada Minoru, Sergeant 25

  Wada Yichi 151

  wages 127–8

  Wakana-Ichir couple 59

  Wakatsuki 9

  ‘Wanderer’s Song, The’ (Nakayama) 94

  ‘War Criminal, the Life and Death of Hirota Kki’ (Shiroyama) 22–3, 142

  war criminals:

  defined by communists 9;

  responsibility for war 136–7;

  see also Tokyo War Crimes Trials, War Tribunals

  war leaders:

  Azuma (East) Society 26–7;

  hanging of 14, 15, 19;

  prosecution of 13–14, 16, 19–20, 24–5;

  purge of 7, 8, 9;

  reinstatement of 9, 21–2;

  responsibility for war 16, 26–7, 136–7

  War Tribunals:

  in Rangoon 19 ;

  in Singapore 18;

  retrospective view 21–7;

  unfair trials 19, 23;

  view at the time 13–21;

  see also Tokyo War Crimes Trial

  Watanabe Kazan 31

  Waugh, Coulton 28, 143

  Wayman, Dorothy 145

  Weathercock (Great River Drama) 70, 73

  Weekly Post 49

  welfare, during occupation 10–11

  White Flag, The (Mizuki) 37–8

  White She-Devil, The (Tsuge) 39

  Whitney, General Courtney 3, 8–9

  Willoughby, General Charles A. 2, 3

  Wirgman, Charles 31

  women cartoonists 41–3

  work cult 69

  World, The 28

  World Culture 104, 105

  ‘World Culture’ group 104, 107

  Yamada Ksaku 86, 97

  Yamafuji Shoji 163

  Yamagami Tatsuhiko 43–4

  Yamagata, Prince 48

  Yamaguchi Hitomi 75

  Yamamoto, Count 48

  Yamamoto Akira 146, 161

  Yamanaka Hisashi 136, 137

  Yanagita Kunio 67–8, 120, 126, 146, 147, 153, 154

  Yashiro Yukio 31, 143

  Yellow Kid, The (Outcoult) 28

  Yokoyama Entatsu 56

  Yorozuchh 77

  Yoshida Tamesabur 146

  Yoshida Torajir 71

  Yoshii Isamu 93

  Yoshimasu Nobuo 137

  Yoshimoto Enterprise 55, 57

  Yoshimoto Sei 55

  Yoshimoto Taiz 54–5

  Yoshimoto Takaaki 129, 139, 163

  Zak Jun 150

  1 Acceptance of execution for the sake of the state 439 62.6%

  2 Continued belief in the military aims of Japan 86 12.3%

  3 Salvation in religion 80 11.4%

  4 Resentment against War Crimes Trial 53 7.5%

  5 Renunciation of all wars and any war 24 3.4%

  6 Others 19 2.7%

  Table 1: Changes in Number of TV Reception Contracts with NHK, 1954–1982

  Year No. of contracts at end Percentage of TV ownership (%)**

  of TV year* (in 000s)

  1954 53 0.3

  1955 166 0.9

  1956 419 2.3

  1957 909 5.1

  1958 1,982 11.0

  1959 4,149 23.1

  1960 6,860 33.2

  1961 10,222 49.5

  1962 13,379 64.8

  1963 15,663 75.9

  1964 17,132 83.0

  1965 18,224 75.6

  1966 19,247 79.8

  1967 20,270 84.2

  1968 21,221 88.1

  1969 22,088 91.7

  1970 22,819 94.8

  1971 23,520 84.4

  1972 24,433 87.0

  1973 24,925 88.7

  1974 25,753 91.7

  1975 26,545 82.6

  1976 27,059 84.2

  1977 27,773 86.4

  1978 28,394 88.3

  1979 28,932 90.0

  1980 29,263 81.3

  1981 29,789 82.7

  1982 30,403 84.4

  Notes:

  * 1954–1961: number of TV licences (i.e. licences issued specifcally for reception of TV

  broadcasts).

  1962–1967: number of Type A licences (which included reception of TV broadcasts).

  After 1968: the sum of ordinary licences (which exclude colour TV reception) and colour TV

  licences.

  ** While acknowledging the considerable diffculty of ascertaining rates of TV ownership, these

  calculations have been based on the total number of households appearing in national censuses

  since 1950.

  Maintain Emperor system % Abolish %

  1946 86 11

  1948 90 4

  1956 82 16

  1957 (Feb.) 81 15

  1957 (Aug.) 87 11

  1965 83 13

  Title Period of screening Popularity rating (%)

  Momi no Ki wa Nokotta Jan.–Dec. 1970 29.9

  Haru no Sakamichi Jan.–Dec. 1971 22.1

  Shin Heike Monogatari Jan.–Dec. 1972 21.4

  Kunitori Monogatari Jan.–Dec. 1973 22.5

  Katsu Kaishu Jan.–Dec. 1974 22.0

  Genroku Taiheiki Jan.–Dec. 1975 24.9

  Kumo to Kaze to Niji to Jan.–Dec. 1976 23.8

  Kashin Jan.–Dec. 1977 17.1

  Ogon no Hibi Jan.–Dec. 1978 23.8

  Kusa Moeru Jan.–Dec. 1979 19.3

  Title Period of screening Popularity rating (%)

  Niji April ’70–April ’71 15.4

  Mayuko Hitori April ’71–April ’72 17.5

  Ai yori Aoku April ’72—March ’72 20.2

  Kita no Kazoku April ’73—April ’74 18.9

  Hatoko no Umi April ’74–April ’75 21.2

  Mizuiro no Toki April ’75–Oct. ’75 19.6

  Ohayosan Oct. ’75–April ’76 17.7

  Kumo no Jutan April ’76–Oct. ’76 18.0

  Hi no Kuni ni Oct. ’76–April ’77 17.1

  Ichibanboshi April ’77–Oct. ’77 16.4

  Kazamidori Oct. ’77–April ’78 16.2

  Oteichan April ’78–Oct. ’78 16.5

  Watashi wa Umi Oct. ’78–April ’79 15.5

  Maa Neechan April ’79–Oct. ’79 16.4

  Year %

  1955 87

  1956 79

  1957 81

  1958 80

  1959 83

  1960 82

  1961 75

  1962 73

  1963 63

  1964 63

  1965 62

  1966 58

  1967 56

  1968 54

  1969 49

  1970 45

  1971 46

  1972 42

  1973 40

  1974 39

  1975 40

  1976 37

  1977 35

  1978 34

  1979 33

  1980 33

  1981 33

  1982 33

  1960 89

  1961 83

  1962 84

  1963 76

  1964 79

  1965 80

  1966 80

  1967 79

  1968 79

  1969 76

  1970 74

  1971 73

  1972 71

  1973 70

  1974 69

  1975 69

  1976 68

  1977 67

  1978 68


  1979 69

  1980 69

  1981 69

  1982 69

  Age 20 years

  Year Men Women

  1965 1975

  1979 164.9 166.9

  169.7 153.8 156.1

  156.9

  Age 30–39 years

  Year Men Women

  1965 162.7 151.1

  1975 163.8 152.7

  1979 166.0 153.4

  See themselves as middle class % See themselves as lower class

  Year %

  1965 86 8

  1966 87 7

  1967 89 7

  1968 86 8

  1969 89 8

  1970 89 7

  1971 90 6

  1972 89 7

  1973 90 6

  1974 (Jan.) 91 6

  (Nov.) 90 5

  1975 (May) 90 5

  (Nov.) 90 5

  1976 (May) 90 6

  (Nov.) 90 5

  1977 90 5

  1978 89 6

  1979 91 5

  1980 89 7

  1981 88 7

  1982 89 7

  1983 89 7

  Year %

  1951 51.6

  1952 48.3

  1953 45.0

  1954 45.5

  1955 44.5

  1956 43.0

  1957 42.0

  1958 41.2

  Year Total population (in 000’s) Rate of population increase (no. per thousand people)

  1946 75,750 49.94

  1947 78,101 31.05

  1948 80,002 24.34

  1949 81,773 22.13

  1950 83,200 17.45

  1951 84,541 16.13

  1952 85,808 14.95

  1953 86,981 13.67

  1954 88,239 12.15

  1955 89,276 11.75

  1956 90,127 10.04

  1957 90,928 8.39

  1958 91,767 9.23

  1959 92,641 9.53

  1960 93,419 8.39

  1961 94,287 9.29

  1962 95,181 9.48

  1963 96,156 10.25

  1964 97,182 10.67

  1965 98,275 11.25

  1966 99,036 7.74

  1967 100,196 11.71

  1968 101,331 11.33

  1969 102,536 11.89

  1970 103,720 11.55

  1971 105,145 13.71

  1972 107,595 14.09

  1973 109,104 14.02

  1974 110,573 13.46

  1975 111,940 12.36

  1976 113,089 10.26

  1977 114,154 9.42

  1978 115,174 8.94

  1979 116,133 8.33

  1980 117,057 7.96

  1981 117,660 5.15

  Source: Prime Minister’s Offce Statistics, Department, Jinko Suikei (Population Estimates) and Kokusei Chosa (Survey of the State of the Nation), in Kosaka Masataka (ed.) Suii de miru Nihon no Ayumi—1982 (Japan’s Progress as seen in Figures—1982), PHP Research Institute, 1982.